Lumbar Laminectomy: Removal of one or more entire lamina. Used when greater access is needed to perform a discectomy. Helps release pressure on the nerve when a disc bulges.

Instrumented fusions: A procedure in which instruments such as rods, plates, and screws are used to help bones in the spine fuse, or grow together.

Hemilaminectomy with discectomy: One lamina bone on a vertebral column and an intervertebral disc are completely removed.

Kyphoplasty: An image-guided procedure in which a balloon is inserted into a fractured vertebra to create a cavity. A special bone cement is injected into the cavity to stabilize the bone and prevent worsening of the fracture. Kyphoplasty is often used to treat spinal compression fractures.

Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusions (PLIF): A procedure performed by approaching the spine through the lower back. It involves the insertion of a bone graft into the disc space to help the vertebrae to fuse together.

Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody fusions (TLIF): Surgery that involves approaching the spine from the back, or posterior, of the body to place bone graft between two vertebrae.